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Prediction of Cross-axis-sensitivity of inertial micro-sensor through modeling and simulation B. P. Joshi1, A. B. Joshi2, A. S. Chaware2 , S. A. Gangal*2 1 Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), DRDO Ministry of Defence, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune-411021, India Ph. No. +91-20-2588 4795, Fax No. +91-20-2589 3102 E-mail:[email  protected] org 2 Department of Electronic Science, University of Pune, Pune-411 007, India Abstract: In addition to sensitivity and bandwidth, the cross-sensitivity is an important design parameter for acceleration/ inertial sensor design. In this paper prediction of cross-axis sensitivity of cantilever type of piezoresistive accelerometer is discussed. The effect of variation in geometrical parameters such as width and thickness of flexure & proof mass (PM) on crosssensitivity are studied. Optimization of cross-sensitivity by varying geometrical parameters has been attempted. This paper deals with simulations of skewed type (Flexure perpendicular to proof mass) and planar type (Flexure in plane with Proof mass) structure for cross-axis sensitivity analysis. The simulation and modeling has been carried using Coventorware MEMSCAD software. Keywords: Inertial sensor, Cross-sensitivity, MEMSCAD, FEM. 1 Introduction Micromachined accelerometers are widely used in many applications. Large number of scientists all over the world are working on MEMS based acceleration sensors that are mostly either capacitive or of piezoresistive type. A piezoresistive type of acceleration sensor basically consists of a proof-mass attached to a micro-cantilever (Flexure) all made out of silicon. [1-4]. For piezoresistive accelerometer sensitivity S is defined as relative change in resistance per unit of acceleration. Following mathematical equation defines relation between sensor dimensions and its sensitivity [5]. Equation for sensitivity can be written as: S = K . g . L t 2 (In Pa. ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Eq. 1 Where, S is the sensitivity [stress level], g is the applied acceleration, t is thickness of flexure in  µm, L is length of flexure in  µm, K is the constant of proportionality. An accelerometer is expected to have only one sensitive axis. However, cantilever type of accelerometer is also sensitive in other direction. This undesired sensitivity is called as cross axis sensitivity. Cross axis sensitivity is the maximum sensitivity in the plane perpendicular to the sensitive direction relative to the sensitivity in the measuring direction. It is calculated as the geometric sum of the 1 sensitivities in two perpendicular directions in this plane [6]. If Z is sensitive axis then cross sensitivity is defined as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Eq 2 Where suffix (x, y, z) denotes axis in which sensitivity is measured. Effect of cross sensitivity is one of the most important design considerations. Many attempts have been made to reduce cross sensitivity by the accelerometer designers. 7-8]. Since it is a structure deflecting under influence of inertial force, stress is developed in the flexure due to its bending. Therefore it can be stated that if the width of flexure is much greater than its thickness the cross axis sensitivity will be low. Different types of mechanical designs and structures have been tried by designers to reduce cross-sensitivity effect. Efficient use of four-piezor esistors in bridge structure is mostly tried structure [7]. Another way to reduce cross sensitivity is multi flexure accelerometer [8]. However, all these structures have a major drawback, that is, they require more processing steps as well as larger size on chip. In this paper, single cantilever type piezoresistive accelerometer is presented. The crosssensitivity is analysis is carried out by varying width as well as thickness of flexure and proof mass. Paper discusses simulations carried out for skewed and planner structure accelerometer using Coventorware software. 2 Simulations Cantilever (Flexure) type of piezoresistive accelerometer is modeled and simulated using Coventorware 2003 software. Fig. shows Skewed type acceleration sensor structure, in which Flexure is perpendicular to proof mass and sensitive axis is Y-axis. The sensor is modeled with proof mass having dimension of 2000 µm X 400 µm X 200 µm (LxWxH) and flexure is having dimensions of 100 µm X 50 µm X 12 µm (LxWxH). In this structure, flexure width is in Z-axis and flexure thickness is in Y-axis. Fig. 2 shows the planar type of accelerome ter of the above dimension, in which flexure is in plane with Proof Mass. In this case, flexure width in Y-axis, thickness is in Z-axis. Z-axis is sensitive axis. Simulation is carried out using MemMech solver. The Max stress values are considered for discussion in terms of sensitivity. Z Y X Fig 1: Skewed piezoresistive Accelerometer Fig 2: Planar Piezoresistive Accelerometer 2 Simulations are carried out to find cross-axis sensitivity by varying flexure thickness & flexure width. Simulations are also carried out to find cross-axis sensitivity by varying thickness and width of proof mass. 3 Results and discussions 3. 1 Skewed structure (Fig 1) Simulations were carried out on skewed type of structure (of dimension mentioned in simulations above) by varying its lexure thickness. Flexure thickness is varied from 50  µm to 200  µm and flexure width is kept as 12  µm. Skew structure response for variation in flexure thickness is shown in table No. 1. Here sensitive axis is Y-axis. Table 1: Cross axis sensitivity w. r. to variation in Flex thickness for skewed structure Flexure thickness In  µm 50 100 150 200 Sz Sx Sy (In MPa) (In MPa) (In MPa) 82 6. 5 340 22 1. 5 170 9. 8 0. 52 110 5. 6 0. 19 81 % Cross-Sensitivity 24. 19 12. 97 8. 92 6. 92 Thickness to width ratio 4. 17 8. 33 12. 50 16. 67 It is observed that as the flexure thickness is increased while keeping the width same, cross axis sensitivity decreases but at the cost of sensitivity, which is not acceptable. To minimize this undesirable cross-sensitivity effect, structure is modified. In modified structure, flexure is in plane with proof mass. [Fig no. 2] Further simulations are carried out with Planner structure. 3. 2 Planar Accelerometer Planner accelerometer of above-mentioned dimensions was simulated. Varying geometrical parameters like thickness & width of proof mass as well as flexure simulations were carried out. The results are given in following paragraphs. Here sensitive axis is Z-axis. 3. 2. 1 Variations in flexure width(FW) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH Solver by varying flexure width from 12 µm to 30  µm while keeping flexure thickness same as 50  µm. Following table shows effect of flexure width on sensitivity as well as cross-sensitivity. Table 2: Cross axis sensitivity for various flexure widths of planar structure Flexure Width (In  µm) 12 18 24 30 Sensitivity Sx Sy Sz(In MPa) (In MPa) (In MPa) 330 28 25. 2 150 13 11. 29 83 7. 4 6. 34 54 4. 9 4. 07 % Cross axis Sensitivity 11. 42 11. 48 11. 74 11. 80 Thickness to width ratio 4. 7 2. 78 2. 08 1. 67 3 It can be seen from the above results that as thickness to width ratio reduces cross-sensitivity marginally increases but effecting drastic reduction in sensitivity of the sensor. 3. 2. 2 Variation in flexure thickness (FT) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH solver by varying flexure thickness from 50 to 125  µm. F ollowing table shows effect of flexure thickness on sensitivity as well as cross-sensitivity. Table 3: Cross axis sensitivity for various flexure thickness of planar structure Flexure Width (In  µm) 50 75 100 125 Sensitivity Sx Sy Sz(In MPa) (In MPa) (In MPa) 330 28 25. 220 19 14 160 14 8. 8 130 11 5. 9 % Cross sensitivity 11. 42 10. 73 10. 34 9. 60 Thickness to width ratio 4. 17 6. 25 8. 33 10. 42 The simulation results show noticeable reduction in cross-sensitivity as the thickness to width ratio increases. This is because as the flexure becomes more and more stiff, cross-sensitivity decreases. 3. 2. 3 Variation in Prof mass width (PMW) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH solver by varying proof mass width. It is varied from 400 µm to 1000 µm. Here the flexure dimensions are kept original as 100 µm X 50 µm X 12 µm (LxWxH). Following table shows the effect of proof mass width on sensitivity as well as crosssensitivity. Table 4: Effect of Proof-Mass Width variation on cross sensitivity of planar structure PM Width (In  µm) 400 600 800 1000 Sensitivity Sz(In MPa) 330 490 660 830 Sx (In MPa) 28 41 54 66 Sy (In MPa) 25. 2 37. 8 50. 5 63. 2 % Cross axis Sensitivity 11. 42 11. 38 11. 20 11. 01 It can be seen from above results that Variations in Proof mass width have negligible effect on cross sensitivity but helps to increase the sensor sensitivity by many folds. This is due to increase in proof-mass weight. 3. 2. Variation of Prof mass thickness (PMT) Simulations are carried out in MEMMECH solver by varying proof-mass thickness. It is varied over from 50 µm to 200 µm. Here also the flexure dimensions are kept as 100 µm X 50 µm X 12 µm (LxWxH). Following table shows effect of proof mass thickness on sensitivity as well as cross-sensitivity. 4 Table 5: Effect of Proof-Mass thickness variation on c ross sensitivity of planar structure PM Thickness (In  µm) 200 150 100 50 Sensitivity Sz(In MPa) 330 250 160 82 Sx (In MPa) 28 16 6. 8 1. 6 % Cross axis Sy Sensitivity = RMS of Sx (In MPa) &Sy / Sz 25. 2 11. 42 13. 57 8. 39 5. 47 5. 45 0. 95 2. 27 It can be seen from above results that cross-sensitivity decreases considerably with decrease in Proof Mass thickness but at the heavy cost of sensitivity. This due to decrease in proof mass weight. Fig No. 3 gives summary of variation in cross-sensitivity with respect to each of the above discussed parameters. Cross Axis Sensitivity for various geometrical parameters. 14. 00 12. 00 % cross-sen. 10. 00 8. 00 6. 00 4. 00 2. 00 0. 00 1 2 3 4 FT PMW FW PMT Fig 3: Graph of summary of variation in cross-sensitivity for geometrical parameters The proof mass width and flexure thickness doesn’t have much impact on cross sensitivity. In case of flexure width variation, cross sensitivity decreases along with increase in flexure width. The bending stress caused by transverse acceleration in X, Y direction is much less then stress caused by desired acceleration in Z direction. Thus for low cross-sensitivity, Ratio of width to thickness should be high. These results have good agreements with earlier reported results [7-8] 4) Conclusions A cross sensitivity effect is studied by varying geometrical parameter like thickness as well as width of flexure and proof mass. Following conclusions can be drawn from all of the above simulation Skewed structure has much higher cross-sensitivity as compared to planar type of structure for the same thickness to width ratio of flexure. (Compare values of in table 1 and 2 for thickness to width ratio of 4. 17). But they have similar sensitivity. When Thickness to Width ratio is increased to 8. 33 in case of skewed structure its crosssensitivity drastically reduces but is still higher than plan structure. One can safely increase sensor sensitivity by increasing proof mass weight by increasing width in planar structure. Variations in flexure thickness and Proof Mass width doesn’t affect cross ensitivity. For better low cross-sensitivity, thickness to width ratio of flexure for planar type of design should be as low as possible and further sensitivity can be enhanced by increasing proof mass width. 5 Acknowledgements The authors thank ARDE, Pune, Ministry of Defence for funding the research work on development of micro accelerometer at University of Pune. Shri BP Joshi, Scientist ‘F’, would like to thank Director ARDE for giving opportunity to work on the project and also to Dr. S. K. Salwan (Guide for Ph. D. ) for his valuable guidance and suggestions. References 1. J. A. Plaza, J. Esteve, E. Lora-Tamayo, Simple technology for bulk accelerometer based on bond and etch back silicon on insulator wafers, Sensors and Actuators, A68, 1992, p199-302 2. Aaron Partridge, J. Kurth Reynolds, Benjamin W. Chui, Eugene, M. Chow, A HighPerformance Planar Piezoresistive Accelerometer, JMEMS, vol 9, No. 1, March 2000, p 58-66. 3. R. P. Van Kampen, R. F. Woffenbuttel, Modelling the mechanical behaviour of bulkmicro machined silicon accelerometers, Sensors and Actuators, A64, 1998, p137-150 4. L M Roylance and J B Angell, â€Å" A batch fabricated silicon accelerometer. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-26. pp. 1911-1917. Dec. 1979. 5. Sabrie Soloman, Sensors Handbook, MGH Publications, 1998 pg no 66. 31 6. Kaiyu chen. A survey of piezoresistive semiconductor accelerometer. EE663 microelectronic sensor project report. 7. H. crazzolara, G. Flach, W. von Munch. Piezoresistive accelerometer with overload protection and low cross-sensitivity. Sensor and actuators A . 39(1993)201-207 8. Homg chen, Mihang bao. A piezoresistive accelerometer with novel vertical beam structure. Sensor and actuators. A63(1997) 19- 25. 6

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Misinterpretations and some incidents occurred during those five weeks that made Mike feel rejected by his team.All these events have created an atmosphere of tension where the team has been not able to completely create a team work. Christine as â€Å"Team leader† was worried and understood Mike and even empathized with him but on the other hand the group it could be affected by his performance. By knowing the different of the stages that team passes, Christine could have prevented certain situations, for example in the formation stage is when the group is known and defined the goal of them as a team and what is expected of them as individuals.It is important to remember what the â€Å"team† will produce at the end of the class (a good grade). Another important point is the behavior and attitudes as individuals within the team and establishes rules. 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Also, coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members would have helped her with Mike’s situation. Therefore, Christine should have followed the OB SAVVY â€Å"Must Have† Con tributions by Team, by she understanding every single of these criteria, would have avoid the situation that her team is going through. Two Possible Solutions to the Primary ProblemA possible solution to the lack of communication between Christine, Janet, Diane and Steve with Mike is doing a reunion in which all the above are present. Definitely, they will have to return to the Forming stage to set clear objectives and team goals. Christine must assume her role of leader defining and dividing the tasks between each of them in equal proportion. She should promote the team work and let them know what is expected of each of them as individuals within the team. This time must establish and defined rules for behavior.Another possible solution would be to change the leader. Basically, choose another team member as leader. Two people that seem to have the attitudes are: Steve and Janet. Per the description in the text they are both responsible, respectful and committed with the team. Since Steve showed more initiative, for example taking notes of what was done at the meeting, he might be a good prospect. However, Steve would have to return to the Forming stage to establish team goals, etc. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS| PROS| CONS|Returning to the Forming stage| – will allow Christine establish and define goals as a team-will also give her the opportunity to know her team and to communicate effective | -no too much time, the case will be due in a week-there may be resentment from Mike to Christine or the group| Choosing a new Leader| -different way of strategies, point of view and attitude -no room to think that it will be the same like with the old leader| -no too much time, the case will be due in a week-it may create a rough environment between the new leader and Christine|Unfortunately the group did not have a good basis from the beginning as Christine began to exercise her role of leader well. Not established goals for the team and not conducive good relationship be tween them. It seems that the team consisted of 4 people, not 5. In no time she met with Mike to find alternatives.It is important to note that Mike did not work hard to find a solution to his situation. He could have tried to talk to the team and let them know how he felt about it, but since Christine was the team lead she should have approach him and work it out. If the team had been composed by Steve, Janet and Diane, Christine would have been an excellent leader.

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Aviation Geography - Tourism in Asia-Pacific has had its challenges but the growth has been significant in the past 15-20 years - Essay Example The country shows high recovery potential from the 2008 decline brought by the great recession. Receiving 6.8million international arrivals in 2012 up from 4.8 million received in 2008, the country has opted for diversification to ensure that it taps the Asian tourism potential better. Looking into the 2007 gross domestic product, tourism contributed 4.5 % of the total GDP. The country has thus focused more of the foreign direct investments on the tourism sector with an investment of over $94.2billion on tourism-related infrastructure. Inbound tourism in Vietnam registered a significant growth in 2013 compared to 2012. The growth has been attributed to the constant efforts by the government of Vietnam towards the administration of tourism. Through these efforts, the government seeks to make Vietnam the preferred tourism destination for international travellers. The Government through this programme undertook an initiative and organized the Da Nang International Fireworks Competition in Da Nang Province. The event was held on a five-day holiday for the country promoting both domestic and international tourism. The rising levels of disposable income among the Vietnamese people and the improving living standards have been credited as a major boost for local tourism in the country. Further, travelling has become more affordable owed to the increased tourism infrastructure, fostering both local and international tourism alike. According to the UNWTO (2015), the country was able to serve 9.6 million local tourists in th e 3months. The country also targets to receive 10-10.5 million visitors from across the globe and places its local tourism expectations to about 47-48million by the year 2020. The revenues from both are also expected to rise to about $18million or $19billion. The Vietnamese people have a rich history and several tourist destination

Bicycle and Modern Industrial Methods Essay Example for Free

Bicycle and Modern Industrial Methods Essay A bicycle, often called a bike (and sometimes referred to as a pushbike, pedal bike, pedal cycle,or cycle), is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist. Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and now number more than a billion worldwide, twice as many as automobiles. They are the principal means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as childrens toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services, and bicycle racing. The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright, or safety bicycle, has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling. The bicycles invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were invented for the bicycle, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets, and tension-spoked wheels. The dandy horse, also called Draisienne or laufmaschine, was the first human means of transport to use only two wheels in tandem and was invented by the German Baron Karl von Drais. It is regarded as the modern bicycles forerunner; Drais introduced it to the public inMannheim in summer 1817 and in Paris in 1818. Its rider sat astride a wooden frame supported by two in-line wheels and pushed the vehicle along with his/her feet while steering the front wheel. The first mechanically-propelled, two-wheeled vehicle may have been built by Kirkpatrick MacMillan, a Scottish blacksmith, in 1839, although the claim is often disputed In the early 1860s, Frenchmen Pierre Michauxand Pierre Lallement took bicycle design in a new direction by adding a mechanical crank drive with pedals on an enlarged front wheel (thevelocipede). Further innovations increased comfort and ushered in a second bicycle craze, the 1890s Golden Age of Bicycles. In 1888, Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop introduced the first practical pneumatic tire, which soon became universal. Soon after, the rear freewheel was developed, enabling the rider to coast.

The Evolution Of Global International Societies Politics Essay

The Evolution Of Global International Societies Politics Essay In this paper I would discuss the evolution of global international society during First World War, Second World War and Post Cold War period and how does it reflect itself in present times especially in three area viz- In International Organizations, In international civil society and In market economy. Social relations that is, the countless and complex ways in which the people interact with and affect each other are more and more being conducted and organized on the basis of a planetary unit. As historically and conventionally understood, international relations are relations of territorially based political groups. If we arrive at a definition of international society, it stands for relations between politically organized human groupings which occupy distinctive territories and enjoy and exercise a measure of independence of each other.  [1]  In the language of international relations, such detached communities are referred to as states which are usually conceptualized as consisting of 1.) permanent population, 2.) occupying a definite territory, 3.) which is under a central government and 4.) which is sovereign. Hedley Bull  [2]  defines international society as a society of states exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another. It is pertinent to distinguish globalization from internationalization here. Globalization refers to all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society i.e. a global society. Globalization is thus an ongoing trend whereby the world has become one relatively borderless social sphere. Globalization can also be indicated by terms like liberalization, universalization and deterritorialization. On the other hand internationalization refers to a process of intensifying connections between national domains. In international relations, countries are divided from each other by clearly marked frontiers as well as by substantial time that is generally required to cover the distance between their respective territories. Whereas global phenomenon can extend across the world at the same time and can move between places i n no time, in the sense they have a supra-territorial and transnational character. While patterns of international interdependence are strongly influenced by nation- state divisions, the lines of global interconnections often have little correspondence to territorial boundaries. The first phase of evolution of international society can be traced back from the year 1900, in which the world was dominated by a small group of economically prosperous and populous European states, whose empires encompassed much of the globe. The internal roots of Europes instability dated back to 1870s, when the continents relative tranquility was disturbed by the creation of a single unified German state as a result of Napoleonic wars. The unified Germanys expansion ambitions for territory and markets were a cause of concern for Britain, France and Tsarist Russia, emerging in an attempt to halt Germany. Britain and France dominated Asia, Africa and Middle East, Russia in Japan and Britain competed in China while U.S. held sway in Latin America. This disruption of balance of power in combination of imperial, nationalist and economic tension ultimately resulted in the First World War in 1914. The alliance system built up was Austria, Hungary and Germany on one side and Britain, Fra nce and Russia on the other. The war finally ended with the gathering of peacemakers at Versailles in 1919. This was the first instance of inception of global international society taking shape to maintain peace in post war period. It is to be noticed here that at Versailles the guiding force was not one or more of the European powers but the United States. It is at this time the principle of self-determination came up prominently. Future wars were to be deterred by the League of Nations, which would take collective action against aggressor states. Finally, Germany was found guilty of having begun the war as a result it lost its land to Poland and France, it was disarmed and reparations were to be made to the victorious powers. However, many critics like Taylor found that Versailles was not hard enough. The German problem was unresolved as Germany still remained the largest unitary state in the heart of Europe. Moreover, Germanys potential to wage war had not been absolutely destroy ed. Thus, the treaty of Versailles seemed to fail in the absence of any major power committed to upholding it. Then comes the second phase of the evolution of international society that is the Second World War, whose origin can be traced from the Great Depression of 1929 caused by the stock market crash in America. The global impact of the shock waves of crash illustrates the degree to which states in the inter-war years were not entirely autonomous entities. Its symptoms like spiraling inflation, collapse of consumer demand in industrial countries, decline in manufacturing industry, massive unemployment concluded that globalization in economic terms, was a potent reality. In wake of such economic turmoil, Japan in order to find new markets, raw material and land for its population began expansion into China. Between 1931-33, Japan consolidated its hold over Manchuria. By 1937, Japan was at war with China which caused worsening relations with U.S. ultimately leading to Japans attack on Pearl Harbor. On the other hand in Europe, the Nazi territorial expansionism under Hitler went beyond the pr ovisions of Treaty of Versailles. Confronted with numerous international crises in China and Europe, Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasing Hitler. But in March 1939 appeasement was abandoned once Germany invaded Poland and Britain and France declared war on Germany. Alliance of Britain, France, America and USSR came together to fight Axis powers of Japan, Italy and Germany. The Second World War was unquestionably global in scope ending the era of European domination of the world. The U.S. put the full stop on war by using its might and dropping atom bomb on Japans Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The end of Second World War led to the third phase of evolution i.e. the onset of Cold War between Soviet and America. The failure to implement principles agreed at the wartime and issues concerning the failure of Germany and Poland grew tension between wartime allies. The expansion of Soviet towards Eastern Europe and American opposition to it, American military deployment in Britain and signing of NATO Treaty in 1949 were some of the key issues in cold war. Agreements on limiting and controlling the growth of nuclear arsenals have played an important role in Soviet- American relations. A set of treaties like START-1 and START-2 marked the end of cold war and laid down the ground for cordial relations between disintegrated Russia and America. From the above discussion it can be inferred that whenever any crises has arisen in the past, be it political, social or financial, various states transcending their territorial boundaries have come forward unitedly to counter it. The era of colonialism and imperialism is done away with and the world does not have any one central power like Europe, U.S or Russia now. The global trends have replaced the unipolar world structure to that of multipolar world structure. The present world order has undergone tremendous transformation by changing global patterns of international organizations, issues of universal concern, global civil society, humanitarian issues, trade and economy and many more which we will discuss in forthcoming paragraphs. The very first consolidation of international society made itself evident in the form of United Nations Organization which took birth after the havoc of Second World War. The main objective of UN is to maintain international peace and order and to prevent situations leading to war by means of pacific settlement. The basic principle adopted by the member states was of self-determination. Presently the membership of UN is up to 192, which clearly signifies it as a forum where all countries whether small or big, powerful or weak, developed or underdeveloped interact with each other and manifest themselves as a global community. International Court of Justice, UNICEF, UNDP, UNHCR etc. some of the organs of UN having varied work fields. Peace keeping missions, economic sanctions on erring states and the right to self defense are some such distinctive features of the organization which keep intact the principle of self-determination. But critics often raise the question mark upon the decis ions taken by UN as a representative and collective world body. The imbalanced sharing of decision making power at the executive body of UN i.e. Security Council clearly manifest the hegemony of superpowers like U.S., U.K., China, Russia and France. Waging Iraq war, Gulf war, Palestine and Israel crisis, Afghanistan problem in the name of maintaining international peace and security is the mockery and exclusion of international society in the real sense. Similar is the case with international financial organizations like IMF and WB. IMF was created to promote international monetary cooperation and resolve the inter-war economic problems. The IMF now has a membership of 183 countries each of whom contribute a quota of resources to the organization proportionate to the size of their economy which also determines their percentage of voting rights and the amount of resources to which they can have automatic access to. Although it would be wrong to out rightly negate the role played by t hem in the infrastructure development, poverty reduction, raising living standards but down the line the practices of protectionism and favourism followed by superpowers have hampered its functioning. The frequent failure of WTO round of talks due to widening divide between the developed and developing is not a different story. The international organizations most of the times end up being super power organizations. In the age of globalization the structure of nation state has undergone tremendous transformation. The relevance of geographical boundaries has fainted and the world has become a borderless entity. This aspect of globalization has led to the formulation of local issues like poverty, hunger and development etc. into global concerns. The other most important issues of global concern are environment, terrorism, gender inequality and human right violations. To tackle such wide range of issues, the international society manifests itself broadly as non-state actors and particularly as global civil society, voluntary organizations, intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations. Such organizations are the source of new political and social change. Red Cross, Amnesty International, World Social Forum, Cry are some such bandwagons which raise the local issues to international forums and play an important part in designing policies affecting the lives of billi ons of people across the world. Especially the gender issues of violence, inhuman treatment, lack of opportunities, female foeticide, trafficking of women and children are now concerns of every country of the world and are redressed as never before. Owing to the efforts of such civil society groups the awareness of human rights has become a global phenomenon. The universalization and homogenization of globe has made the whole world as their work field. The discourse on globalization would remain incomplete without the mention of global market patterns after the end of cold war. This era can be recognized as an era of triumph which swept away all the barriers to the operation of the market around the world and transformed the character of international politics. Now the governments have reduced their military spending and started making their markets efficient and open as per the growing needs. New technologies, computerization and communication provides opportunity for small business and individual entrepreneurs, empowering excluded persons and social groups. The state monopoly is reduced, the culture of multinationals and transnationals is strengthening the universal labor standards and unions are more organized to stand against exploitation at larger level. The rise of giant corporations and cartels serve as new modes of social control and regulation. Post-industrialist theorists like Daniel Bell call the present society as infor mation society and present age as technocapitalism. According to J. Baudrillard  [3]  technology and capitalism have permeated every aspect of society. While Gilder  [4]  , Gates  [5]  and Friedman  [6]  defend technology as legitimizing capitalism on the other hand Heideggar call it a complete Europianization of the earth and man. Critics however characterize global capitalism by a decline of the state and increased power of the market and globalised transnational corporations. Hence both negative and positive versions of economic determinism exist. From the above discourse we can infer that pro globalization theorists hold a view that global international society has undergone a shift to be called as a global community. One glaring example that is often quoted by them is of its consolidated expression was visible after the Sept. 11 attack in U.S. where the whole world stood against and pledged to eradicate terrorism from the world. Several such examples can be cited and the recent is of democratic triumph in Egypt which was appraised and supported by global society. It is also true that the natural calamity of Japan will also reflect itself in its economic relations. I also agree that in the present age of globalization the world has emerged as a single entity and events happening in one part of the world within no time affect the other parts of the globe as well. But according to me, it would be wrong to say that in the age of globalization the world has become borderless and free of divisions. Although, its true that we have done away with imperialism and colonization but what about categorization of the world community on the lines of developed, developing and underdeveloped nations? Would it be right to call Sudan, Lebanon and Bangladesh as globalised nations? Are these countries the flag marchers of globalization? No, I think certainly not. The poor are still poor and the hungry are still hungry. The situation of underdeveloped and least developed nations in South-Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa still holds a pathetic picture. Developed countries regard poverty as something external to them and a defining feature of third world. In recent decades global food production has burgeoned but paradoxically hunger and malnourishment remain widespread. Access and entitlements are affected by factors such as North- South divide, rural urban divides, class, gender and race. World economy is not global rather trade, investment and financial flows are concentrated in and between 3 blocks- Europe, North America and Japan. It is also correct that globalization is very uneven in its effects. Internet, telephones are still distant dreams for least developed countries. Critics also noted that outcome of globalization allows more efficient exploitation of less well off nations, by bodies like IMF, WB and WTO and technologies are designed to benefit richest economies. Thus, it can be concluded that present form of international society has acquired a more global outreach but paradoxically the balance of power is still tilted towards the developed economies. To balance this equation the state actors like government, diplomats, politicians as well as non-state actors like civil society, voluntary groups, MNCs and TNCs etc. should work with the principle of social welfare of every single poor hungry person irrespective of his national identity. Then only the world will become a global village in a real sense.

Marketing Analysis Of Virgin Media Marketing Essay

Marketing Analysis Of Virgin Media Marketing Essay Services marketing are a form of marketing which focuses on selling services. Services can be tricky to sell and the marketing approach for them is much different than the approach for products. Some companies offer both products and services and must use a mixture of styles; for example, a store which sells phone also tends to offer services such as helping people select phone as contract and providing broadband service and phone repair. Such a store must market both its products and the supporting services it offers to appeal to customers. Virgin Media is an innovative new media company that was formed as a result of a merger between NTL and Telewest and then a re-branding as Virgin Media. Its main strength lies in the branding and the innovation that the name Virgin offers. Internally, Virgin Media is the only company in the United Kingdom that offers all four of the main media services, i.e. digital television, broadband, fixed line telephone and mobile phone packages. The ability to offer these products all together in one bundle is the unique selling point of Virgin Media and clearly sets the company apart from its competitors. Swot analysis is the most important and first stage of planning. It is a feedback mechanism to make new strategies for any organisation. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats are the four components of a swot analysis. Weaknesses and Strengths are correlated and examine the internal part of the business analysis whereas Opportunities and Threats deal with the external environment of business operation. Weaknesses and strengths refer to aspect of marketing, finance, manufacturing or organisational structure. Swot analysis helps clarifies the objectives of the organisation Strengths In offering these combined services, the company has substantial economies of scale as it is able to combine many of its generic roles such as administration and finance, thus allowing the company to price more competitively for the benefit of its customers. Due to its perceived leading brand name in the media, Virgin Media has managed to secure an ongoing contract with Sky, extending further still its inclusive offering to its customers. Technical ability and infrastructure are also two of the key internal strengths of the company, which have been exploited to produce a market leading position. Weaknesses Despite this, the company does have some internal weaknesses that need to be managed. The merger between NTL and Telewest is still relatively new and there are cultural clashes between the two styles and the emerging Virgin style. In recent years, there have been several redundancies and outsourcing of customer services, in an attempt to bring down costs. This has resulted in a degree of unsettled behaviour and lack of loyalty from staff. Due to the size and complexity of the growing organisation, there are likely to be ongoing conflicts which will need to be managed if this cultural shift is not to impact on the customer experience. Opportunities and Threats Externally, the opportunities and threats facing Virgin Media are ever changing. The media sector is developing an exceptionally fast pace, resulting in both opportunities and threats for companies such as Virgin Media. Opportunities are widely available for Virgin Media, predominantly in offering value added services such as online gaming or more reliable broadband connections. Bundling these media services together, as Virgin Media has already done offers yet further opportunities within the media sector, in terms of grasping greater market share. Consumers like simple, one-stop shopping when it comes to the media options available; this is something that Virgin Media can continue to exploit, particularly now that it has signed an agreement with Sky. Threats to Virgin Media come from other similar media companies such as Orange or BT who remain as large players in the market. In particular, Virgin Media is rumoured to have difficulties with its infrastructure reliability, which could potentially allow competitors such as BT to increase market share. The media sector as a whole is extremely fast moving; therefore, the main threat is that Virgin Media may fail to keep pace, thus losing its customer base to another more innovative company. The flower of service Facilitating elements(services) Information: Customers often require information about how to obtain and use a product and services. They may also need remainders and documentation. Example, Of virgin broadband information services are: Direction to service site and using instruction, warning and insurance, terms and condition of services. Order taking: Many goods and services must be ordered or reserved in advance. Customer needs to know what available and may want to secure commitment to delivery Billing:How much do I owe you? .Customers deserve clear, accurate and intelligible bills and statements. Payment: Customer may pay faster and more cheerfully if Virgin makes transactions simple and convenient for them. 2) Enhancing services: Consultation: Value can be added to goods and services by offering advice and consultation. Safe keeping: Customers prefer not to worry about looking after the personal possessions that they bring with them to a service site. Exceptions: Customers appreciate some flexibility in a business when they make special request. They expect it when not everything goes according to plan. Hospitality: Customers who invest time and effort in visiting a business and using its services deserve to be treated as welcome guests. User Preparation When implementing new system, it is important that personnel, employees, managers and others in the organization are prepared for it. This process is also called process of readying the decision makers, managers, employees, and stakeholders for a new system. In this regard, user training becomes very essential, because without it the success of the system cannot be guaranteed. This process of user preparation is planned and executed properly and involved a lot of arrangement, and consideration (Stair Reynolds, 2008). Virgin Media, the UKs leading fibre-optic broadband provider currently has almost 60,000 SME and public sector broadband clients, but has announced that it is looking to grow this significantly. Virgin Media has unveiled plans to target the small and medium business customers of its rival broadband giant BT. The move comes soon after BTs commitment to undercut Virgin Medias residential super-fast broadband prices, with its new fibre-optic broadband service which BT is rolling out this year. There is a very big market up for grabs, as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) spend about  £18bn a year on IT and telecoms. Virgin Media currently have revenues of about  £600m pa from business broadband customers and this is forecast to rise to about  £1bn pa in three to five years. Virgin Media chief operating officer Andrew Barron said: This is another step forwards. Weve been working in the business division for 18 months on getting the business processes to the right level. Weve improved it dramatically. We can use the fibre-optic network to differentiate ourselves. Marketing communication Mix: The marketing mix is the set of controllable tacticle marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the Response it wants in the target market (Melewar. T.C., Saunders.J, 2000) Marketing communications are the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers directly or indirectly about the products and brands that they sell. A company s total marketing communication mix also called promotion mix (Kotler, 2005) consists of specific blending of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing tools that are used by company to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives. The marketing communication activities which contribute to the marketing of any new or existing product: by creating awareness of the brand; linking the right associations to the products image in the consumers memory, facilitating stronger consumer-product connection etc. Current extended marketing mix marketing mix. People People is one of the elements of service marketing mix. People define a service.. In case of service marketing, people can make or break an organization. Thus virgin media nowadays are involved into specially getting their staff trained in interpersonal skills and customer service with a focus towards customer satisfaction. In fact many companies have to undergo accreditation to show that their staffs are better than the rest. Definitely a USP in case of services. Process Service process is the way in which a service is delivered to the end customer. The process of a service company such as virgin media in delivering its product is of utmost importance. It is also a critical component in the service blueprint, wherein before establishing the service, the company defines exactly what should be the process of the service product reaching the end customer. Physical Evidence The last element in the service marketing mix is a very important element. As said before, services are intangible in nature. However, to create a better customer experience tangible elements are also delivered with the service. Physical evidence is used as a differentiator in service marketing. This is the service marketing mix (7p) which is also known as the extended marketing mix Position Positioning in different areas is not always easy (I can say it is too difficult). Virgin Group was aware of the difficulties so they had to think about the Virgin brand name. They have never entered in a business before doing solid researches and analysis. They have reviewed the industry and tried to look from customers eyes. They were aware of the trade-offs they had to think before entering a new business venture and they have never underestimated the risks behind new entrance. Advertising Virgin Media launched to much fanfare in February 2007, with a public relations event and an expensive advertising campaign which covered major UK television channels, newspapers and billboards. In an effort to increase awareness of the group and its services, Virgin Medias campaign used bright red colours to portray its brand image. Recent[update] television advertising featured actress Uma Thurman and comedienne Ruby Wax, and currently[update] features actor Samuel L Jackson, whilst the print advertising features bold typography. Virgin Media also sponsored the Channel 4 reality TV show Big Brother until the end of the ninth series. Virgin Media Business/ On Thursday 11 February 2010, Virgin Media announced that its business division would be rebranded as Virgin Media Business with immediate effect. The company, which had been operating as ntl:Telewest Business, is now the largest B2B brand in the Virgin Group. This marked the end of the NTL and Telewest being used by the company. Virgin Media Business is the UKs only telco with a national fibre optic Next Generation Network. Organisations working with Virgin Media Business include London City Airport, Arqiva, Hampshire and Isle of Wight Partnership and South West Water. Consumer behaviours Understanding how consumer behaviour is changing will be an important requirement of Virgin Medias upcoming music offering and, should they become law, the Governments legislative proposals will also require measurement of the level of copyright infringement on ISPs networks. Deticas CViewà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology potentially offers a non-intrusive solution which enhances our understanding of aggregate customer behaviour without identifying or storing individual customers data. Consumer Segment We face intense competition from a variety of entertainment and communications service providers, which offer comparable broadband internet, television, fixed line telephony and mobile telephony services. In addition, technological advances and product innovations have increased, and will likely continue to increase, the number of alternatives available to our customers from other providers and intensify the competitive environment. See Risk Factors-We operate in highly competitive markets. However, we believe that we have a competitive advantage in the U.K. residential market due to the superior technical capabilities of our cable network over the network of the incumbent BT, which many of our competitors rely on to provide their services. We also face intense competition in the mobile telephony market, primarily driven by increased pricing pressure from both established and new service providers, evolving customer needs and technological developments. We offer most of our products on a stand-alone basis or as part of bundled packages designed to encourage customers to subscribe to multiple services. We offer broadband internet, fixed line telephony and mobile telephony and data services throughout the U.K., and currently offer television services exclusively in areas served by our cable network Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning (STP) Before start think about marketing (4P), you must understand what is STP. Terms of STP include : market strategy; target markets; positioning; market segmentation and target markets; market segmentation and demographics Segmentation Segmentation : Identifying all segments for the product/service. Many of the resources listed in module 3 will be helpful to you when you develop segments. To be useful, segments should be: Measurable Accessible (can you reach them) Profitable Distinct from one another the objective of segmentation is to find attractive markets. Strategies include Break market into components Regroup into market segments Select which segment to target Targeting Virgin Media is currently number two in the home broadband market in the UK, but it obviously doesnt want to be left behind when it comes to broadband on the move. The company has its own-brand mobile phone service, so its wasnt that much of a leap for it to add mobile broadband into the mix. Virgin is offering mobile broadband via a number of different deals. For example, if youre already a Virgin customer using its XL (20Mb) or L (10Mb) cable broadband packages or its ADSL Bundle 1 offering, you can get mobile broadband with a 1GB usage allowance for an additional fiver a month. If youre on one of the lower-end home broadband deals you can get the same package for a tenner a month. However, for this review were looking at the standard retail pack which targets people who dont already have a Virgin service. This deal costs  £15 a month on an 18-month contract for a 3GB monthly download allowance and a free USB modem Positioning. Positioning is an essential component and skill in good marketing. Perceptual maps are used to determine the position of a product, firm, person, service or idea. Positioning maps or perceptual maps can be simple, yet very effective marketing tools. One definition of Positioning Theory is: the science of perceptual strategy. It is based on a theory that strategy can only be planned in the mind of the consumer, not the marketplace*. It is important to understand the levels of competition because positioning applies at all levels of competition. For example: Product Level Corporate Level Industry Level The STP Process The growing use of the STP process has occurred as a direct result of the prevalence of mature markets, the greater diversity in customer needs, and the ability to reach specialized or niche segments. As such marketers are increasingly segmenting markets and identifying attractive segments (i.e. who to focus on and why?), in order to identify new product opportunities, develop suitable positioning and communications strategies (i.e. what message to communicate), and effectively allocate resources to key marketing activities (i.e. how much should we spend and where?). Organizations will often commission segmentation research when they want to re-scope their marketing strategy, investigate a declining brand, launch a new product, or restructure their pricing policy. Organizations operating in highly dynamic environments seek to conduct segmentation research at regular intervals, to keep in touch with changes in the marketplace. STP refers to the three activities segmentation, targeting, and positioning SOURCES 1. Virgin Media, fourth quarter 2007 results presentation, February 2008. 2. Carphone Warehouse Plc fourth quarter trading update, April 2008. 3. Domestic Competitive Market Review, 2004, Ofgem.

Childhood Obesity Reduction Health Promotion Plan Essay example -- Pub

Upon reviewing the community vitality data I came to the conclusion that the health problem that a health education program would be most appropriate to address would be childhood nutritional health and fitness. I came to this conclusion after careful data analysis. Of the county’s adults (18+) 77% ate less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, this percentage is so high likely because of attitudes and habits these adults picked up when they were children. The second largest age demographic in the county is children aged 10 to 17 are overweight, six percent more than the state average, 88% of children age 10 to 17 are not meeting daily targets for fruit and vegetable consumption and 30% age 10 to 17 watch 3 or more hours of television per day, also six percent higher than the state average. Children who eat less than healthy foods, which are often low in iron, vitamin content, and have a higher fat content, are placed at a higher risk for poor nutritional habits, iron deficiency anemia, and chronic illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, etc. (USDHHS, 2000). Mass media and busy lifestyles also play an important role in the poor food choices of children today, and frequent television viewing prominently shows children foods, which contain large amounts of salt, sugar, and calories and a correlation between television viewing time frames and childhood obesity has been shown. (Proctor, 2003) Another problem is that many school age children only prefer a small range of foods and dislike vegetables, fruits, and other healthy foods. A child’s nutritional pattern can also serve as a strong indicator of family patterns and show just how influential parents can be when it comes down to their children’s pr... ...rtment of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Government Printing Office. Freedman DS, Kettel-Khan L, Dietz WH, et al. (2001). Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. . Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 108:712–18. Edelman, C. L., Mandle, C. L., (2006). Health promotion throughout the lifespan. Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2003) Policy statement: prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 112:424–430 Braet C, Mervielde I, Vandereycken W. (1997) Psychological aspects of childhood obesity: a controlled study in a clinical and non-clinical sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22:59–71.

Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcias A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcia's A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings      Ã‚   "A Very old Man with Enormous Wings" (1955) is a short story by Garbriel Garcia Marquez, a Latin American author. This story contains many elements of Magical Realism, such as having one fantastic element while being reality based, having a deeper meaning, and having no need to justify or explain events or human actions. The magical elements in this story are the old man (that is assumed to be an angel) and the girl who was turned into a spider because she disobeyed her parents. The angel is the element in Magical Realism that discovers the mysterious parts in life. Most people believe in supernatural beings like angels. Angels are usually thought of as protecting and taking one to the afterlife. The angel was believed to have come to take the baby to heaven. Another magical element was the sicknesses of the people who came to be healed by the angel. There was "a poor woman who since birth had been counting her heartbeats and had ran out of numbers; a Portuguese man who couldn't sleep because the noise of the stars disturbed him; a sleep-walker who got up at night to undo the things he had done while awake" (527). The realistic elements include everything else in this story. The people's curiosity to the angel and the lady spider are authentic. This element shows the curiosity of everyday people. Another trait of people is shown by Peylo and Elisenda, who take advantage of the angel by keeping him in a chicken coop and charging admission to see him. The purpose of the lady spider may have been to scare children into obeying their parents. The girl was normal until one night when she went against her parents wishes to a dance. On her wa... ..., an angel and an everyday world are crossed, and no one doubts the appearance. The deeper meaning is told though the life of the angel after he was caged and has an impact on any that would read it. This short story would be good for anyone to read whether he or she had read many Magical Realism stories or if he or she have not. Gabriel Garcia Marquez does a perfect job of "transforming the common and everyday into the awesome and unreal" (Flores 114). I thoroughly enjoyed this story. Works Cited Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 109-118. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings." The Norton Introduction to literature. Ed. Jerome Beaty. N.Y.: W.W. Norton and Company, 1996: 525-529.   

Imaginary Invalid :: essays research papers

Imaginary Invalid Moliere’s â€Å"The Imaginary Invalid† is a play about a hypochondriac who is so obsessed with his health and money that he ends up neglecting his family’s needs to better his own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moliere sets up the exposition of the play in Act I by the apothecary bills Argon is reading aloud. After Toinette, the maid, then enters the scene she sarcastically makes a comment about all of the bills lying on the table. Toinette lets the audience know that Argon is a hypochondriac by rebutting everything he says about his doctors and illnesses with sarcastic comments. For instance, when Argon says, â€Å"You leave my insides alone.† She comes back with, â€Å"I wish you would. You’d be a different man.† She also lets the audience know by saying, â€Å"Why, if it wasn’t for him you wouldn’t even know you were ill,† speaking of the apothecary. The main conflict of the play is Argon’s unwillingness to accept that he is not ill and he is, in fact, a very healthy man. This â€Å"illness† leads to the selfishness that he shows his family, especially his daughter Angelica. Later in Act I his â€Å"illnessesâ⠂¬  prove to have relevance to the conflict when she speaks of Cleante, the man she loves. Cleante is not a doctor; therefore, Argon will not give his blessings for Angelica to marry him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conflict of the play was that Argon would not give his blessings for the marriage of his daughter, Angelica, and the man she loves, Cleante. The main characters involved in the conflict besides Angelica and Cleante is Argon, the problem, Toinette and Argon’s brother, Beralde, which resolve the conflict in the end. Argon is involved, as stated earlier, because he will not give his blessings on the marriage. Toinette and Beralde were involved in the resolution to the conflict because they cared about Angelica and her happiness. I believe that Beralde was more involved in the resolution because he felt that his brother was going far with his hypochondria, but still cared for Angelica’s happiness. Argon seemed to over-step the line when he tried to ruin the lives of his daughter just for his mental well being. The steps taken to see that Angelica does not have to marry a man that she simply does not want to marry lead up to the climax of the play. Ar gon finally realizes who cares about him and who doesn’t when he overhears his wife, Beline, speaking of his death and then Angelica.

Different Types of Business Information and Their Sources Essay

Merseytravel uses a lot of different communications to communicate with people, which includes; verbal, written, on-screen, multimedia and web-based communication. Using these five different types of communications, Merseytravel can communicate with other people using different ways to communicate which includes technology and face-to-face. Verbal Communication in Merseytravel Verbal communication in Merseytravel can be used several ways, like advisory panels, telephone or face-to-face to verbal communicate. Verbal communication is very important for the reason being that you are dealing with a variety of people through out the day. In some cases you may deal with people who have different culture, ages and with different levels of experience. An important verbal communication that Merseytravel use frequently is; Advisory panels. Advisory panels are used by Merseytravel which acts as meetings where each of the five district councils come together and have a verbal meeting which includes; Knowsley, Liverpool, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral. Meetings of the advisory panels are held on a quarterly basis, which in the meeting include verbal communication about how Merseytravel can improve. The main objective of the advisory panels is when verbal communicating to each other they can update each others knowledge, like how their markets are developing, what the eco nomy is doing and what new laws are being passed that might affect the way they operate. The source of the verbal communication is Merseytravels meeting room where the advisory panels take place. The reason why advisory panels take place is so Merseytravel can get together and discuss on how to improve them-selves. Advantages of verbal communication: It’s easier to communicate verbally than any other way because you get to understand every detail that is being spoken by the other person. In Merseytravel customers communicate with the staff members this is an advantage because they get to ask questions if they don’t understand the instructions clearly. Disadvantages of verbal communication A disadvantage for this type if communication in Merseytravel is when a language barrier occurs, if one person does not understand the other due to the fact that he or she does not speak English or does not cope with the accent so that will cause a poor communication between the staff member and the customer like on the ferry service etc. Overall, verbal communication is important in Merseytravel as they can get together like in their advisory panels and discuss to each other about Merseytravel and how they can improve etc, which using verbal communication, it easy to get information across to each other than using of communications like web-based. Verbal communication in Merseytravel is internal as the advisory panels are just to do with Merseytravel but other verbal communication in Merseytravel is external when a customer wants to be a stakeholder. Web-based communication in Merseytravel Web-based communication is communication over the web. Web-based communication includes E-mail, Train alerts and bus alerts etc. Web-based applications are used on Merseytravels website which includes the train alerts etc. Web-based communication is good because people can access the web from wherever they are now days because people have mobile broadband. Train alerts are an important web-based communication in Merseytravel. For people travelling around all the time, web-based communication can be important to them. For example, if the person is out travelling and wants to see that the trains are running fine, then they can access web-based communication by going on Merseytravels website and clicking on the hyperlink on the side leading to the train alerts and can find out the information they wanted to know all using web-based communication. The source of web-based communication is a hyperlink from the side of Merseytravels website, called: ‘Train alerts’. The reason why Merseytravel have a hyperlink to ‘Train alerts’ is because people can check the train alerts if they are outdoors and need to get a train somewhere and so can easily access train alerts and check to see if the train they need is running fine and on time. Advantages of web-based communication The public can access Merseytravels web-based information wherever they are to find out on Merseytravels latest information like, get up to date on the latest train and bus alerts etc. Disadvantages of web-based communication: Not everyone can access the web because they may not have broadband, therefore cannot get the latest news on Merseytravel etc. Overall, Web-based communication is a good way to communicate to the public as a lot of people can access the web wherever they are and can get update on Merseytravel’s latest information wherever they are which is very mobile, although people who don’t have the access to the web cannot access this information which is a disadvantage to Merseytravel. Written communication in Merseytravel Written communication in Merseytravel can be used several ways like giving out surveys and leaflets to the customers. Written communication can be just as important as verbal or non-verbal communication. You can’t take back what you say, but you also can’t take back what you write. People ten thousand miles away from me right now may also be reading this very thing I’m reading about the Merseytravel leaflet, so written communication in Merseytravel is very mobile and people far away can read it. Merseytravel uses written communication when researching community views. Merseytravel wants new passengers and wants to promote their services to the public and so frequent passenger surveys are provided to the customers which are written communication and the customer filling out the survey can put their feedback on it in written communication so Merseytravel can improve. The source of these surveys may be given out to passengers on the train to get the customers feedbacks on how Merseytravels train are operating to see if they need improving etc. The reason why the surveys are giving out on the trains is because Merseytravel want the customer’s feedback on what they feel about their trains and since they are on the train they are more likely to get better feedback than if Merseytravel was to ask people to fill in a survey about their trains who where just walking in the town centre. Advantages of written communication †¢ Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization. †¢ It is a permanent means of communication. Thus, it is useful where record maintenance is required. †¢ It assists in proper delegation of responsibilities. While in case of oral communication, it is impossible to fix and delegate responsibilities on the grounds of speech as it can be taken back by the speaker or he may refuse to acknowledge. †¢ Written communication is more precise and explicit. Disadvantages of written communication †¢ Written communication does not save upon the costs. It costs huge in terms of stationery and the manpower employed in writing/typing and delivering letters. †¢ Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The encoding and sending of message takes time. †¢ Effective written communication requires great skills and competencies in language and vocabulary use. Poor writing skills and quality have a negative impact on organization’s reputation. Multimedia communication in Merseytravel Multimedia communication in Merseytravel is used on their website a lot. On promotions and attractions on Merseytravels website they have are attractions around Merseyside, and if you click on one like the ‘u-boat story’ it shows a multimedia context. When you click on the ‘u-boat story’ a presentation slide comes up and flicks through all pictures of the ‘u-boat story’. This presentation slide communicates to the public through pictures which is a multimedia way of communication and can give the public a good insight to what the’ u-boat story’ is about by just viewing the pictures. The source of this information is on Merseytravels website there is a link to promotions and attractions and then a link to the ‘u-boat story’. The reason why the u-boat story is on merseytravels website is because people who tend to use their website will be tourist wanting to find out how they can travel somewhere and so having promotions and attractions on their website, will encourage them to click on it and find out about local attractions and by merseytravel allowing the u-boat story to be a multimedia communication, people on the website viewing it can get a good feel of what it is like which will encourage them to go see it more than if it was just written communication as it would seem boring and you would not know what it would be like. Advantages of multimedia communication in Merseytravel †¢ Enhancement of Text Only Messages: Multimedia enhances text only presentations by adding interesting sounds and compelling visuals. †¢ Improves over Traditional Audio-Video Presentations: Audiences are more attentive to multimedia messages than traditional presentations done with slides or overhead transparencies. †¢ Gains and Holds Attention: People are more interested in multimedia messages which combine the elements of text, audio, graphics and video. Disadvantages of multimedia communication †¢ Expensive †¢ Not always easy to configure †¢ Requires special hardware †¢ Not always compatible Overall Multimedia communication in my opinion is a very good way to communicate, because people like to watch presentations and videos as it is a lot more interesting than verbal communication where you just listen to someone speak or written communication where you just read as it is very boring and so multimedia communication will make people watch it as it’s more interesting. On-screen communication in Merseytravel On-screen communication involves communicating from a screen, like a TV, computer screen etc. In Merseytravel there are several ways they communicate using on-screen communication. When standing on the platform at the train station, there is a screen on the platform which is on-screen communication as on the screen it tells you the train times, therefore it is communicating to you through on-screen information because your are getting the train times from the screen. The source of this on-screen information will be on the train station platform where the public can see what the train times are when waiting for the train. The reason why there are train times on the platform is so the public can see when waiting for the train how long they have until the train comes. The train times are on-screen because they can easily be updated electronically for the wait time of the train. Advantages of on-screen communication †¢ A large number of people can watch the presentation for example, and receive information from it. †¢ Can easily be updated †¢ The text can be easily understood because it’s electronic Disadvantages of on-screen communication †¢ May not work if there is a power-cut etc. †¢ You will have to keep referring back to the source to find out the information rather than a beneficial paper based copy for you personal viewing. Going back to the screen may prove time consuming. Overall on-screen information is a good way to communicate in my opinion because it can easily be updated and easily understood and will be more reliable than a piece of paper with the times on as the on-screen information can easily be updates if the train times get delayed etc.

Amazon in E-Commerce

Question 1: How has Amazon.com and their use of internet changed the retailing industry? Give examples. Answer: 1 Amazon.com has revolutionized the selling and purchasing of all products over the internet. It started with selling books over the internet and progressed in selling almost all consumer goods within a short span of time. Its engineering and quality principals make sure that all the various standard compliances are met and justified for improving the system behavior for its customers. Customers have now moved from the brick and mortars model, a traditional model for purchase of products, to the click and mortars model for ease of access, anytime anywhere access, take part in auctions and avail several promotion offers and gifts. The very perspective towards retail buying has been changed by Amazon.com. The virtual store concept is quite likely followed by many retailers after the success of Amazon.com and they have created a benchmark for its products and selling models define the very success over the long period since its inception. Question 2: Comparisons have been made by giant bookstore retailer Barnes & Nobles and Amazon.com. Barnes and Noble operate dozens of bookstores in many local communities. Yet Amazon.com’s reach goes anywhere and everywhere with the Web. What, in your opinion, should Barnes and Nobles do to compete with Amazon.com? Answer 2: Barnes and Nobles must identify the very future requirements for its physical bookstores and come up with â€Å"click and mortars† model for fetching the right customer focus and model. Identifying the competition around and the changing outlook of the customers towards decision making for purchasing products is the greatest differentiator for change. The decision making for taking the business of Barnes & Nobles over the internet would make sure that all the various present disadvantages would be capitalized upon. The brand mark of Barnes & Nobles makes sure that every activity towards the envelopment of skyrocketing technologies would develop into a mammoth in promoting its success and growth. Only setting up the website is not enough. The representation model, sound engineering techniques, quality standards and affiliation techniques makes sure that its representation over the internet is strong and makes a presence really promising. Question 3: In order to more quickly realize and sustain its profitability should Amazon.com have remained a solely clicks based e-business (without warehouses) selling only books? Why or why not? Answer 3: Amazon’s decision to cater to several products would definitely move its primary base of selling books to other products. This is a sort of erosion of its primary brand which it created for selling books. The very brand creation and sustenance for selling books online had created a larger market share for book selling. The various bookstores at that time were in greater risk concerning their sales as Amazon grew in its market share for selling books. It was a brand which no one could deny. Its decision towards clicks business for selling other products over books makes sure that monopoly was broken to some extent and other small to medium sellers in the market found opportunity to make some business. These created a balanced view for existence in the marketplace allowing every dimension of sellers and customers to interact for good. Another reason for making the right move is for long term business continuity and spreading its wing to several other products which did not make it to the internet in that era. Amazon’s decision to be clicks based business must be changed into â€Å"clicks and mortars† business model for improving its supply chain by making it efficient and effective. The effective supply chain would cut down extra costs of transportation and shipping and would in turn create trust for its safety and quality policies. Warehouses would make sure that timely delivery of products can be made at lesser costs, which otherwise would create a sense of misunderstanding and evolve privacy and security aspects to a larger scale. Question 4: How can Amazon.com complete Bezos’s vision? What do they need to do to individualize their services to 25 million customers? Answer: 4 Amazon.com must fetch the customers according to their tastes and product liking. The following can be the various options that can be exercised: Provide a survey with questionnaires of what is important, how it can be bettered, what else is desired and so on. The survey questions would serve quite helpful in fetching the right suggestion from its customers to in turn get them everything they desire. The adoption of B2B and C2C model where various sellers and buyers can meet for selling the products of their choice. This would help users to customize according to their preferences so that more number of customers is fetched for purpose. The customer logs must be duly analyzed for fetching the right decision and data mining approaches to the vast data can be devised for getting the facts out for better customization of products and services. Request boxes and techniques must be presented so that in case a customer fails to find exactly what he desires, he can make a request for the new product. This would help to fetch the needs in micro detail for better capturing of the customer base. The above approaches would enhance Bezos’s vision to cater to individual needs and demands. Amazon is a virtual reseller, one of the main new intermediaries (Sarkar, 1996.) They are an electronic-commerce only intermediary; business and customer relationship management (CRM) is conducted purely via their website; a virtual marketplace with no direct contact between buyers and sellers. Amazon have created a virtualized value system through their accelerated ordering, delivery and payment of goods and services, while reducing operating and inventory costs associated with traditional bricks and mortar stores. This model demands a change to bring every buyer and seller to meet for catering individualized services. References Sarkar, M., Butler, B. & Steinfield, C. (1996) Intermediaries & Cybermediaries.      

Computer negative or positive effect

Using computers everyday can have more ,negative than positive effect on young children. Nowadays computer play a crucial role for young generation. Mostly children dependent on computers for multifarious purposes. But some people believe that it cause obstacle between their healthy life and in acquiring practical knowledge. Lets delve deeper into the topic to seek more clarification. Firstly and most commonly,the advanced technology make the people more lethargic. The children spend their leisure time in playing games on computer which cause paucity of interaction with their friends.Because team work is must to interact with the world. While sitting in front of the monitor screen their eye sight effects badly. ln addition, numerous children suffered from back pain and obesity problem that occurs due to the lack of physical exercise. This problems have create critical health hazards. Furthermore, The use of computers make the life more fast and easy. Students enhance their knowledge and learn the use of technology. Due to the modern era it is must for the children to keep them-self update. today their is a world of cut throat competition .The computer beneficial to improve the general knowledge and IQ evel. lt makes the children more occupied in work and its better to stay away from bad habits. In nutshell, It would safe to say the advantages of the computer over weigh the disadvantages. To conclude, computer meant to make live comfortable and easy but people handle that in complex and abusive manner. lts not possible to keep away the children from computers. The children should allow them to use it in the supervision of parents only. 2. Topic: â€Å"Using a computer everyday can have more negative than positive effects on children.Do you agree ? Explain your opinion with relevant examples . ln today's technologically developed world, the computer is no longer a luxury-{don't use hyphens in a formal essay, use a comma here} but a staple of everyday life. In pe rsonal, professional and academic spheres reliance on the computer is inevitable. Although,{no comma} some would say that use of a computer at an early age has detrimental effects, I content that its benefits outweigh its risk[s {good intro}The current education system places a great amount of mental pressure on students. this is your topic sentence and should give your first reason for your argument} Including omputer and internet with the studies may make the curriculum more interactive and interesting. {try to put this reason first and then explain it} Learning vast syllabus{you don't learn the syllabus really} and diverse topics in different areas can often force a student to opt for rote learning without putting stress on their brain, {this is unclear, do you mean â€Å"to avoid putting stress †¦ â€Å"? } such [a] method further lead[s ] to strait-Jacket [a] child's cognitive skills.In contrast, use of computers and internet for exploring such topics will help them in a chieving an in-depth knowledge nd understanding trom their roots{tnis sounds like you are talking about the children's roots}. It can further stemmed{what can be stemmed? } to make them a good abstract thinker. It is also worthy to galvanize{â€Å"galvanize† sounds odd here} the use of computer during children's leisure time. {once again, try to start with your reason}There are a galore [of] {â€Å"galore† might be a little too informal for this type of essay} strateg[y-]related computer games available in the market.Playing such skill games is a good way of increasing one's concentration level, boosting self-confidence and improving the[one's] thinking capability. In today's Job market, every single openings comes up with a requirement of mandatory computer knowledge with hands-on [training], on the rudiments of computer skills. Having children explored[exposed] to such skills at an early age would ironically{â€Å"ironically† is wrong here} prepare them for mo re profession career. On the other hand, one must not ignore the detrimental effects on health of using computers continuously for extended time periods.Guidance by parents and elders is a must for a child – especially to supervise if{â€Å"verify that† sounds better} they are not addicted to any antalizing, restricted websites that contains in-decent{one word, no hypen} and violent materials. To sum up, I would concede that computer use at an early age is of pinnacle{pinnacle is a noun, not an adjective} importances and its disadvantages can be easily curbed with proper guidance and constant supervision. 3. Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on children. Do you agree or disagree?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Essay 1 – High Score – Band 8-91n today's modern world, computers are an essential part of everyday life. Around the globe, children often us e computers from a very young age. Although it is important for children to participate in various well-balanced activities, in my opinion, children who use the computer daily are actually developing a critical skill for future success. The bases for my views are personal, academic, and professional.From a personal point of view, computers are an invaluable resource to help young people explore the world around them. For example, children who use Internet to satisfy their curiosity about diverse topics are already becoming independent learners. No child with a computer is ever bored! By starting early in their lives, children feel totally at ease around computers; they are also able to take advantage of the wide range of services computers provide. From an academic viewpoint, children have no choice but to master this technological invention.For instance, when I was in university, students brought their laptops to class to take notes, do research and exchange information. They wrote assignments, created presentations and developed databases. Children who build early confidence and experience in these abilities are at a distinct advantage over those who have not. From a rofessional perspective, the computer has found a permanent place in the workplace. Today, employers still pay to provide computer training to their employees. Tomorrow, corporations will expect prospective Job applicants to already possess these critical Job skills.Consequently, parents who encourage their child to use the computer for a reasonable period of time daily are in fact investing in the child's future career. In conclusion, there is no doubt that the computer as a technological tool is nere tos y ta . The sooner children better for many aspects of their future lives. become computer I iterate 4. thank you for your advices 🙂 I posted my re-writing essay. Check it out 🙂 Computers are one of the important thing in our life. It always participates in our various life. E veryday everyone use computers for different interests.We use them for work, for our personal interests. Nowadays basically only children and adults over 16 years old such as students often use PC. Of course students use them or preparing a reports or to learn something curiosity. In this essay I will give academic uses of computers for children, but I will also disagree with children spending too uch leisure time using computers. First of all, I think computers can be useful for three reasons. Firstly, it helps people explore the world around them. For instant, children who use Internet to learn different topics, sooner becoming independent learners.Secondly, from nowadays most school started teaching subjects using computer, owing to it children are going to have more technical skills. We can see each student bringing their laptops to write notes during lectures, share information and do research. Lastly, PCs are found in every kind of office. In the future, ompanies will demand f rom employee skills of using computers well. Therefor kids who have already learnt how to use computer rightly, it will be easy for them in the future. On the other hand, kids should not play computer every time.It seems to me that they need to spend all their free time hanging out with friends, to read more books, newspapers and listen to radio. I like the way of living our parents and grandparents did in the past. Due to those times, children used to evolve better than nowadays. So, parents should be a little bit strict to their kids, permit to spend all heir time with computer. They should be careful and always look after them. Kids need to be close to the Nature! In the end I would like to add that, computers can be 0K but I think children should not use them too much! 26 words! 5. IELTS SAMPLE ESSAYS: Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on your children. Do you agree or disagree? Posted by Muhammad Gulzar on 04:02 I tend to agree that young c hildren can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer every day. This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too ong can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for. However, the main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract children.These are often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather violent. The player is usually the ‘hero' of the game and too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centred and insensitive to others. Even when children use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction. Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences is an important part ot a child's development that cannot be provided by a computer. n spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied. Their adult world will be changing constantly in terms of technology and the Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today. Therefore it is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives. think the main point is to make sure that young children do not overuse computers.Parents must ensure that their children learn to enjoy other kinds of activity and not simply sit at home, learning to live in a virtual world. 6. Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children. Do you agree or disagree? Children use computers more than ever before these days. They can be found surfing the internet, playing on-line games and on social network sites. Sometimes, especially when there is no parental control, they can spend too much time daily on computers.