Production and consumption of media texts Essay Example

Production and consumption of media texts Paper The way we view media today has changed considerably when compared to even Just ten years prior. The media culture has evolved. The average human went from going to the supermarket in the morning to buy newspaper to going online in the morning to read BBC Online. Statistics show that printed news is still popular among people, with 84 of adults who are college graduates or higher in the United States having admitted to reading printed newspaper over online news (Nielsen Wire, 2009). However, the consistent rise in the number of people who choose online news to printed news cannot be disputed. According to Pew Research (2009), the percentage of people who read online news for al age groups have risen, the most drastic rise being in the Generation Y sector, that is the sector of the population that was born in the year 1977 or later. According to the article, the percentage of people who chose to read newspapers in 2006 was 22, more than twice what it was in 20089. Though the death of print media is greatly exaggerated at present time, it is very likely to come. With technology becoming more and more important to society in an increasingly rapid timeshare, you can expect that its death will come much quicker than expected. We will write a custom essay sample on Production and consumption of media texts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Production and consumption of media texts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Production and consumption of media texts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So with that, we must ask ourselves how does the production and consumption of media texts change through remediation Old media is basically referred to traditional means of communication and expression way before the existence of the Internet, such as Journalism industries like newspapers, books, film, and radio (Sails, n. D. ). In contrast to old media, new media is defined as interactive and engaging forms of communication that use the Internet. New media makes it possible for anyone to create, connect, collaborate and share creative content on the web (Circuit, 2009). New media has injected new vitality and competition into news (Rand Media Group, 2012). Remediation, when pertaining to the media, is the integration or transference of one medium into another medium (WAIS, n. D. ). This basically means that remediation is the process of changing one form of media to another, usually for the purpose of reaching and impacting a larger amount of people. A very good example of remediation is when a book is adapted into a movie. Films like Into the Wild, the Harry Potter series and even cult favorite, Twilight, are all products of remediation. Often times, it is the movie adaptation that opens peoples eyes to the existence of the books they are based on. The popularity of a movie adaptation can very much affect the popularity of the book itself. According to Sewer and Mending (2010, Para. 4), the popularity of the Twilight movies have not only boosted sales of the Twilight novels themselves but have also been pinpointed as the reason behind an 18 increase of science fiction and fantasy book sales among children and teenagers since the year 2005. In the context of our Engaging Media unit however, we look at emendation as turning printed media such as newspapers and magazines into Internet-based media such as videos and online news sites. Such as with our recent remediation assignment, we were asked to take a textual medium and present it in a media format. We chose to focus our assignment on an article from the New York Times about Isabella Carr, a model who died suffering from anorexia nervous. What we did was, we took the article and converted it into a video, fit for the more visually aware generation of todays world. Through the advent of the Internet, the media is experiencing an alteration in their production and consumption process. The media has been shifted through remediation and this shift from old media to new media has revolutionized traditional media and has taken advantage of the massive potential of todays technology. Content has become the central focus of our generation ever since the mentality of people has changed through the dawn of the web. Bill Gates wrote in his article Content is King, that the Internet is the multimedia equivalent of a photocopier that have the ability to take over distribution channels (1996). The Internet allows for content to be distributed to a global audience at zero marginal cost to the publisher (Gates, 1996). In the past, old school media organizations assessed and controlled their distribution channels such as printing presses and broadcasting licenses (Yeats, 2011). Today, the Internet serves as a medium for production, consumption, and distribution. Over the past decade, more and more websites for people to communicate and visit has mushroomed all over the Internet. The web has become a fundamental tool for interaction in our daily lives and this is because of the network effect. Gwen Sharp illustrates the network effect to be a situation whereby something becomes more valuable as more people use it (2012). Because of the network effect, users of the Internet find it necessary to express themselves through their own work, which gave birth to a new context of remix culture in our social evolution. Remix culture is becoming the norm of our generation today. The elements of social evolution are behaviors, skills and ideas. It is who we are, how we live and how we create developing new ideas from old ones (Ferguson, 2012). With that being said, copying is how we learn and discover Ferguson, 2012). We cannot introduce anything new until we are certain that we know what we are doing, and we do that through emulation (Ferguson, 2012). Since our knowledge portrays who we are as individuals, it is important for people to demonstrate their creativity and skills to show express their identity (Dixon, 2009). People want to create and present their individuality and not Just consume. In the age of democratic media, the tools of media productions are literally at the palm of our hands (Gilmore, 2009). Furthermore, we can make what we create widely available for a global audience. Unlike traditional media, element of distribution of new media is Just by letting people know that it is available online for them to see (Gilmore, 2009). Based on the framework of our recent remediation project, we produced a reanimated video which was based on an online newspaper article, by coming up with new ways to describe the scenario, unique and appealing ways to edit, and present the ideas, sounds and visuals (Pelvis, 2009). By transforming a textual based news article into a short news report video without altering the initial original work, we have successfully created an entirely new media format through emendation. Consumers are always looking for new ways to approach new media by listening and viewing. They set the bar on what is worth their attention by how the story is being told, the idea of it, how it is able to capture their curiosity, and with the freedom to watch and listen (Pelvis, 2009). Referring to our remediation project as an example, we have made it available for viewers to see our video by publishing it on Faceable. The feedback that we have received from our remediation project is that it looks more interesting and engaging. Rather than reading something, it is much ore fascinating for our viewers and consumers to visually experience the scenario by creating a platform for them to experience it in a unique and rich way which also has some sense of our identity. Of course, new media has its shortcomings. The Internet has made it so easy for people to receive and distribute information, sometimes with harmful intentions. Users are allowed to curate and consume on their own terms, on their own choice and on their own moment in time (Mali, 2010). With the rise of such practices as remediation, piracy has become that much easier to get away with. Copyright and ownership restrictions have become tricky to lay down as this new online era has blurred the lines of legality pertaining to this issue. Not only is distribution made simpler when done online, the media being distributed also reaches devastatingly large amounts of people. In addition, if you use the Internet, you are one of 2,267,233,752 in the world that is capable of accessing pirated media online (Internet World Stats, 2011). To further clarify Just how wide of a net the Internet has thrown over the worlds population, look no further than Youth (n. D. ). On its chart of Most Viewed Videos of All Time, the current number one video is listed as having had 102,511,551 views. So as you can see, not only has new media indirectly caused acts of piracy to flourish, it has also made it that much more noticeable and accessible to the world. Taken as a whole, the web is not Just another medium like TV or radio is completely new and contemporary that comes with a whole new set of cultural notions (Lang, 2010). The web is the foundation of social evolution it changes how society thinks about information, media and their exchange. The process of remediation does alter the production and consumption process of media texts and with this revolution comes limitations and weaknesses however, old media should start adapting to what consumers want in order to survive the Internet explosion (Fine, 2006). For example, old media such as newspapers and magazines have started to become accustomed to the web by creating online versions of their articles to provide a flat reading experience often mimicking the print version. Furthermore, these old media institutions also use social networking features into their website (Ziegler, 2008).

How to Use a Leadership Essay Sample to Write Your Own

How to Use a Leadership Essay Sample to Write Your OwnAre you wondering what a leadership essay sample can do for you? Do you know that you can get an amazing amount of free information that you can use to develop your own essay in no time at all? The only thing that you really need to worry about is getting the free stuff because it is free!Now, why are you thinking that the content that you get is not genuine? If you know anything about research, then you will know that the source that you get is used in a lot of different types of research. The real question is: why is this so?What I mean by this is that when someone creates a free sample for you, they know that you will take their free material and use it to supplement your existing content. They know that you will put their sample on your website, blog, article or wherever else you may be publishing it, but they also know that you will be incorporating their content into your essays, your blog entries, your articles, whatever. S o, they take advantage of that fact. When they send you their free sample, they have been confident enough to make that assumption that you will be using it to supplement your existing content and that you will also be using it in your other marketing efforts as well. And that is why they send you the free sample!How do you use a leadership essay sample to write your own leadership essay? Well, the first thing that you will want to do is learn how to use your free samples correctly.The best way to use a free sample is to use it as an opportunity to practice your own writing skills. Instead of trying to use it as an exact duplicate of the information that you get from the website or blog you are using, you will want to just start writing some of your own content and filling in the blanks. You will see that by writing this kind of content, you will be able to practice and hone your skills.The leadership essay sample is free for you to use; all you have to do is to go and use it correc tly. With just a little bit of practice, you will be writing those great essays that are sure to be popular with students, adults, parents, and business professionals alike.

20 Psychology Research Paper Topics and Ideas

20 Psychology Research Paper Topics and Ideas Beyond doubt, psychology is one of the most interesting and diverse sciences to study and research. Nowadays, it is present in the social, personal, and professional spheres of human life, having a considerable influence on them and related conscious and subconscious factors. As a result, both a professional psychologist and a college student who studies therapy for his masters degree would be able to find a great variety of psychology paper topics and ideas to research. To find a good topic for the psychology research paper, you may search for aspiration and original ideas in specialized libraries, related books, and articles. While searching for the topic, it is important to keep in mind that it should be narrow enough, so the writer could adequately cover all the necessary subjects and not overwhelm the text with insufficient information. Also, it is crucial for the author of the paper to follow the guidelines provided by the professor or the instructor and pick up the topic from within the related course. For example, an abnormal psychology course may require the student to research various psychological disorders and related issues whereas a criminal psychology course may require researching the psychology of Jury selection or the efficiency of anger management and applying different behavioral patterns to violent offenders. Topic and Ideas for Psychology Research Paper Below you can find examples of topics for psychology research paper: 1. The Underlying Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination In such a paper, you may define basic causes of prejudice and discrimination, explore their roots and triggers, and provide several efficient solutions. Moreover, it is a great idea to use a number of statistical figures and facts to support your claims and convince the audience. All the necessary sources for this paper may be found in official reports and specialized journals on criminal justice and psychology. 2. Major Modern Social Influences on Teenagers This topic should include detailed research on the influence of the social media platforms and the Internet on teenagers, as well as the influence of the family environment, social environment, and other related factors. It is also highly recommended that you support the claim with statistical facts and find the relation between the provided figures and behavioral patterns of the young people. 3. Social Identity and Its Role in the Modern Society This topic may appear to be both captivating and challenging at the same time as the researcher has to explore the notion of social identity and its place in the modern world. Besides, it would be necessary to compare the role of social identity with the other roles that have a significant influence on people today. The sources on the topic may be found in specialized libraries and journal articles about social issues. 4. Causes of Eating Disorders among Teenagers Nowadays, the number of teenagers who suffer from eating disorders continues to grow rapidly. From that perspective, you may research the main causes and triggers for these disorders among young people and suggest a range of efficient solutions. All the supportive materials may be found in official reports provided by medical institutions, peer-reviewed articles on eating disorders, and previous topical research. 5. Autism and Modern Society In this paper, the author has to provide the definition of autism and a short description of this complex neurobehavioral condition, mention the most popular ways of treatment that are widely used nowadays, and explore the role of people with autism in the modern society. Because autism is considered to be a neurobehavioral condition, the supportive information may be found in specialized medical journals and official reports provided by Autism Research Institute and a range of healthcare organizations. 6. The Most Efficient Ways to Recover from Amnesia and Memory Loss This captivating topic requires the writer to conduct detailed research on the issue, make a thorough comparison of the most common ways to recover from amnesia and memory loss and define the most efficient of them. In this way, the researcher has to use facts and pieces of evidence to support his or her claims and convince the audience of the benefits of the discussed approaches. The research may be based on previous research on amnesia and memory loss and peer-reviewed topical articles. 7. Major Factors that Influence Problem-Solving Abilities in Teenagers This topic requires the researcher to study all the factors that can have both positive and negative effects on problem-solving abilities in teenagers and define the most common of them. Besides, it is important to evaluate factors related to different spheres of teenager life that usually include different social and personal aspects. Valuable information on the topic may be provided by official police reports, psychological research on problem-solving abilities in teenagers, and scientific articles. 8. Factors that Provoke Violence in Children For this paper, the writer has to define a range of factors that cause violent behavior in children and make their thorough evaluation. For sure, among them, you could mention physical punishment that is used by the family members and psychological violence of the family members at home. Official reports provided by the police usually contain all the necessary information on violence in children and provide valuable statistical facts that may be used as support material for the research paper. 9. Factors that Influence Language Learning Abilities in Children Every child has individual language learning capabilities. However, there is a range of factors that may improve or decrease the efficiency of language learning in general. These are motivation, support of the family members or their disapproval, learning environment, age, and even teaching strategies. 10. Factors that Cause Anorexia in Children Low self-esteem, neuroticism and perfectionism, strong negative emotions and depression, regular stress or life in a stressful environment, anxiety, and pessimism belong to the list of the most common factors that cause anorexia in children. Besides, you could cover the factor of overvaluing body image and evaluate its significant influence on the self-worth definition in early ages. 11. The Most Common Anxiety Disorders in the Modern Society In today’s world, the most common anxiety disorders are panic disorder, acute stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social phobia. In fact, anxiety disorders are the most spread mental disorders that affect almost one-third of the world population. Therefore, it is highly important to make detailed research on the point and discuss the most efficient ways of treatment. 12. The Primary Causes of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are a problem that continues to spread all over the world. The main contributors to this problem are the feelings of inadequacy, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and stressful environments. To convey the topic to the reader more fully, you could include some related statistical facts and discuss the ways of decreasing the causes mentioned above. 13. Suicidal Tendencies in the Modern Society Because suicide is known as one of the most spread causes of death, it is important to discuss attempted suicides and their successfulness, the connection between suicide and marital status, alcohol or drug addiction, and psychological disorders. 14. Psychopaths in the Modern Society Professionals claim that psychopaths are one of the most dangerous groups of individuals with psychological problems, as their mental condition forces them to lose the sense of right and wrong, cause emotional and physical harm to people, and ignore the feelings and rights of others. These people experience the lack of morality, they are cold-hearted and have excellent manipulator skills, and these features allow them to climb career ladder fast, hold leadership positions, and cause significant harm to the people around. Therefore, it is highly important to learn how to distinguish them in the crowd, deal with them, and avoid the risks of becoming their victim. 15. The Causes of Bulimia While the causes of bulimia are still not defined, there is a range of contributing factors that are related to genetic, psychological, and even environmental aspects that include media and billboard photos. The main of them are stressful changes in life, psychological trauma, and low self-esteem. The causes of bulimia are usually described in numerous specialized articles and previous research on eating disorders. 16. The Main Causes of Antisocial Behavior Antisocial behavior is a very common psychological disorder that forces people to behave in a disruptive and hostile way. The main causes that may be discussed in the research paper are domestic violence, drug, and alcohol-addicted parents, sexual abuse and harassment, and the influence of violent media. 17. Mood Disorders in Teenagers This paper requires the author to conduct research on mood disorders in teenagers, define the most common of them, find out their reasons, and the ways of treatment. All the information on the issue may be found in specialized journals and books. 18. Schizophrenia, Its Main Causes, and Ways of Treatment Nowadays, schizophrenia is one of the most common severe mental disorders. Therefore, it is important for the researcher to evaluate emotional life events as its major triggers and evaluate the efficiency of medications therapy and psychosocial treatment. 19. The Impact of Violent Music on Teenagers Since many teenagers like violent music, it is highly important to research its influence on them. To complete the research, you could use topical scholarly articles, compare statistics provided on the official resources, or discuss your personal experience. 20. The Formation of Habits This captivating topic requires the writer to provide a thorough analysis of the process of habit formation and evaluate the process of regular repetition that gradually becomes habitual or automatic. The sources for this research may be found in specialized psychological journals, scholarly studies, and related books. Conclusion Taking into consideration the fact that psychology provides a vast range of sophisticated and captivating topics and ideas for research and discussion, it is important to use your analytical skills in order to approach the issue, provide a claim, and support it with facts and pieces of evidence. All the information necessary for the research may be collected from specialized journals, previous research, and other related reliable materials. Thus, writing a psychology research paper is a great way to discover more information about social and behavioral patterns, and understand people better.

Freuds Id, Ego, and Superego Explained

Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego Explained One of Sigmund Freud’s most well-known ideas was his theory of personality, which proposed that the human psyche is composed of three separate but interacting parts: the id, the  ego, and the superego. The three parts develop at different times and play different roles in personality, but work together to form a whole and contribute to an individuals’ behavior.  While the id, ego, and superego are often referred to as structures, they are purely psychological and don’t exist physically in the brain. Key Takeaways: Id, Ego, and Superego Sigmund Freud originated the concepts of the id, the ego, and the superego, three separate but interacting parts of the human personality that work together to contribute to an individuals behavior.While Freud’s ideas have often been critiqued and labeled unscientific, his work continues to be highly influential in the field of psychology. Origins Freud’s work wasn’t based on empirical research, but on his observations and case studies of his patients and others, so his ideas are often viewed with skepticism. Nonetheless, Freud was an enormously prolific thinker and his theories are still considered important. In fact, his concepts and theories are the foundation of psychoanalysis, an approach to psychology thats still studied today. Freud’s personality theory was influenced by earlier ideas about the mind working at conscious and unconscious levels. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it is the way an individual handles these experiences, both consciously and unconsciously, that shapes personality in adulthood. Id The earliest part of the personality to emerge is the id. The id is present at birth and runs on pure instinct, desire, and need. It is entirely unconscious and encompasses the most primitive part of the personality, including basic biological drives and reflexes. The id is motivated by the pleasure principle, which wants to gratify all impulses immediately. If the ids needs aren’t met, it creates tension. However, because all desires can’t be fulfilled right away, those needs may be satisfied, at least temporarily, through primary process thinking in which the individual fantasizes about what they desire.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Newborns’ behavior is driven by the id- they are concerned only with meeting their needs. And the id never grows up. Throughout life, it remains infantile because, as an unconscious entity, it never considers reality. As a result, it remains illogical and selfish. The ego and the superego develop to keep the id in check. Ego The second part of the personality, the ego, arises from the id. Its job is to acknowledge and deal with reality, ensuring that the id’s impulses are reigned in and expressed in ways that are socially acceptable. The ego operates from the reality principle, which works to satisfy the id’s desires in the most reasonable and realistic ways. The ego may do this by delaying gratification, compromising, or anything else that will avoid the negative consequences of going against society’s norms and rules. Such rational thinking is referred to as secondary process thinking. It’s geared towards problem-solving and reality-testing, enabling the person to maintain self-control. However, just like the id, the ego is interested in seeking pleasure, it just wants to do so in a realistic way. It’s not interested in right and wrong, but in how to maximize pleasure and minimize pain without getting into trouble. The ego operates at conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels. The ego’s consideration of reality is conscious. However, it may also keep forbidden desires hidden by unconsciously repressing them. Much of the ego’s functioning is also preconscious, meaning it happens below awareness but takes little effort to bring those thoughts into consciousness. Freud initially used the term ego to reference one’s sense of self. Often, when the term is used in everyday conversation- such as when someone is said to have a â€Å"big ego†- its still used in this sense. Yet, the term ego in Freud’s theory of personality is no longer referring to the self-concept but to functions like judgment, regulation, and control. Superego The superego is the final part of the personality, emerging between the ages of 3 and 5, the phallic stage in Freud’s stages of psychosexual development. The superego is the moral compass of the personality, upholding a sense of right and wrong. These values are initially learned from one’s parents. However, the superego continues to grow over time, enabling children to adopt moral standards from other people they admire, like teachers. The superego consists of two components: the conscious and the ego ideal. The conscious is the part of the superego that forbids unacceptable behaviors and punishes with feelings of guilt when a person does something they shouldn’t. The ego ideal, or ideal self, includes the rules and standards of good behavior one should adhere to. If one is successful in doing so, it leads to feelings of pride. However, if the standards of the ego ideal are too high, the person will feel like a failure and experience guilt. The superego not only controls the id and its impulses towards societal taboos, like sex and aggression, it also attempts to get the ego to go beyond realistic standards and aspire to moralistic ones. The superego works at both conscious and unconscious levels. People are often aware of their ideas of right and wrong but sometimes these ideals impact us unconsciously. The Mediating Ego The id, ego, and superego interact constantly. Ultimately, though, it’s the ego that serves as the mediator between the id, the superego, and reality. The ego must determine how to meet the needs of the id, while upholding social reality and the moral standards of the superego. A healthy personality is the result of a balance between the id, ego, and superego. A lack of balance leads to difficulties. If a person’s id dominates their personality, they may act on their impulses without considering the rules of society. This can cause them to spin out of control and even lead to legal troubles. If the superego dominates, the person can become rigidly moralistic, negatively judging anyone who doesn’t meet their standards. Finally if the ego becomes dominant, it can lead to an individual who is so tied to the rules and norms of society that they become inflexible, unable to deal with change, and incapable of coming to a personal concept of right and wrong. Critique Many critiques have been leveled at Freud’s theory of personality. For example, the idea that the id is the dominant component of personality is considered problematic, especially Freud’s emphasis on unconscious drives and reflexes, like the sexual drive. This perspective minimizes and oversimplifies the intricacies of human nature. In addition, Freud believed that the superego emerges in childhood because children fear harm and punishment. However, research has shown that children whose greatest fear is punishment only appear to develop morals- their real motivation is to avoid getting caught and prevent harm. A sense of morality actually develops when a child experiences love and wants to keep it. To do so, they engage in behavior that exemplifies their parents’ morals and, therefore, will gain their approval. Despite these criticisms, Freud’s ideas about the id, the ego, and the superego have been, and continue to be, highly influential in the field of psychology. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is Psychoanalysis?† Verywell Mind, 7 June 2018, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-psychoanalysis-2795246Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What Are the Id, Ego, and Superego?† Verywell Mind, 6 Nov. 2018, https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Ego, superego, and id. New World Encyclopedia, 20 Sept. 2017, newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?titleEgo,_superego,_and_idoldid1006853McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Id, Ego and Superego.† Simply Psychology, 5 Feb. 2016, https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.htmlThe Freudian Theory of Personality.† Journal Psyche, http://journalpsyche.org/the-freudian-theory-of-personality/#more-191

Understanding Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding Strategic Management - Assignment Example It has also assisted the organisation to understand their position on the global market. The internal analysis has illustrated various weaknesses and threats of the organisation such as strict pricing policy, legal issues and market saturation. The external analysis of the organisation has elaborated the current political, social, environmental and technological condition of their operated countries. It has also helped the management to analyse the impact of these situation on the overall performance of the organisation. The final outcome of the report has helped the management to introduce various new strategies to improve the performance of the organisation. The report is based on the situational analysis of the organisational strategies of the Starbuck Corporation, a leading multinational coffeehouse chain. Starbuck Corporation was established in the year of 1971 and it is headquartered in Washington, USA. The organisation operates in almost 62 countries through 19,767 company owned outlets. They have recorded revenue of $14.89 billion by the end of 2013 (Marketline, 2014). The internal and external analysis of the organisation will be conducted to understand the strategic position of the organisation. Therefore, a strategic formulation of the organisation will be discussed to analyze the most appropriate course of action to achieve the overall goal of the organisation. The long term objective of the organisation is to establish themselves as a premium seller of finest coffee products across the world. Their mission is to maintain the uncompromising business principle to achieve the sales growth (Marketline, 2014). The SWOT analysis will assist the management of the organisation to evaluate the internal strength and weaknesses of the organisation. This will also illustrate the external opportunities and threats to expand their business venture (Pahl and Richter, 2009). The changes in the political relationship with the raw material sourcing countries

Menatl Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Menatl Illness - Essay Example For clarification purposes, OCD is a mental disorder which is not similar with having an Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder. OCD is characterized by intrusive thoughts such as believing that a devil or another being could possibly harm them or their loved ones. Such thoughts results into behavior that seems paranoid such as being overly protective of people close to them. On the other hand, OCD personality disorder is more concerned with rules, standards, guidelines which makes a person a â€Å"perfectionist†. OCD is a mental disorder with two different but related components. These are intrusive thoughts, the â€Å"obsessive† part of the disorder, and repetitive behaviors, the â€Å"compulsive† part of the disorder (Rachman,2003, p.21). Aardema ( 2007) characterized OCD as ego-dystonic which meant that the individual’s elf-concept is not compatible with the disorder ( p.187). On the contrary, OCD personality disorder is ego-syntonic which is define d by Dorland’s Medical dictionary as â€Å" aspects of a persons thoughts, impulses, attitudes, and behavior that are felt to be acceptable and consistent with the self-conception.† All mental disorders can lead to serious consequences for the individuals who are affected by it. Perhaps among the mental illness known to man, OCD subjects the patients to casual and daily ridicule . There are countless jokes – on everything from sit-coms to sportscasts – about people washing their hands a la Lady Macbeth in an obsessive way. People make continual references to being obsessive or compulsive about one thing or another all the time in a way that to someone who actually struggles with OCD can feel slighting and incredibly dismissive. Those who have this condition, far from finding it a joke, can in fact find it crippling and are often deeply ashamed of their thoughts and behaviors As aforementioned, the disorders have both compulsive and

Reflexivity: Crossing That Line Essay -- Ethnography Anthropology Essa

Reflexivity: Crossing That Line Traditionally, ethnographic works had always been about objective studies of the â€Å"other.† The discipline attempts to use non-biased methods to research of our subjects to qualify anthropology into the category of science. However, an increasing number of anthropologists begin to question the existence of objectivity in fieldwork. More recently, some anthropologists advocate the incorporation of the self, or the use of reflexivity, in the research to acknowledge our biases; at the same time, enhance the quality of our ethnographies. Others further assert that reflexivity is the only way to complete ethnographies. These propositions prompted concerns and provoked intense criticisms among scholars from different areas of study. One argument maintains that while moderate use of reflexivity is necessary in ethnographic research as exemplified by Dorinne Kondo and Renato Rosaldo, it is problematic when it is taken too far as did Ruth Behar. Before use of reflexivity can be analyzed, it is important to discuss what reflexivity is. As its use is controversial, to define the term is complex task. One way to describe it is to characterize it as a piece of work involving the self and some sort of reflection. Another mean to understand the concept is to imagine a mirror; and reflexivity is a description of the images reflected in the mirror, which includes â€Å"others† as well as the â€Å"self.† Interestingly, even though we have yet to define the idea, many uses and styles of reflexivity exist. Or perhaps, the difficulty to produce a working definition stems from its wide range of uses. For example, Kamala Visweswaran uses reflexivity to evaluate the discipline in which she belongs – namely feminis... ...r, anthropology is not a coherent discipline and should be divided to accomendate these difference styles of writing ethnography. Nonetheless, all these questions and confusions points out one thing, that subjectivity is inevitable. Otherwise, we would agree on all these issues. But, it is these issues that cause trouble that make the discipline attractive, exciting, and worthwhile. Reference: [1] Behar, Ruth. 1996. Anthropology that breaks your heart. In The Vulnerable Observer: Antrhopology that Breaks Your Heart, pp. 161 –177. Boston: Beacon Press. [2] Kondo, Dorinne K. 1986. Dissolution and reconstitution of self: implications for anthropological epistemology. In cultural Anthropology 1(1): 74-88. [3] Rosaldo, Renato. 1993. Grief and a headhunter’s rage. IN Culture and Ttruth: TheRremaking of Social Analysis, pp. 161- 177. Boston: Beacon Press.